Plant available Al and Na in rehabilitated bauxite residue: a field study assessment.

Bauxite residue is a high volume by-product generated during the extraction of alumina from bauxite ore (Bayer process). The long-term containment of residue is associated with environmental risks due to potential dusting and surface run-off. While rehabilitation of residue is viewed as a suitable approach for minimizing this risk, there is need for completion criteria. In particular, elevated sodium and aluminium are cited as inhibitory to plant growth and guideline values for satisfactory exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) vary. Further, there is little information on the efficiency of standard soil assessment techniques in predicting plant available amounts of Al and Na for rehabilitated residue. This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of soil extractants (NH 4 OAC and NH 4 Cl for cation; KCl for Al) for determining cation and Al content in field rehabilitated bauxite residue after 1 and 8 years. Depending on the method used, the ESP of residue varied significantly, and all were above the standard guideline values. Successful establishment of Holcus lanatus L. (Yorkshire fog) over 8 years together with absence of nutrient deficiency or elevated uptake of Na and Al indicates that the proposed ESP target of < 9.5 is both stringent and difficult to achieve under field conditions. Findings indicate that at ESP of ca. 20% (determined using NH 4 OAc) and 30-40% (using NH 4 Cl) may be more realistic target values for establishing vegetation in rehabilitated bauxite residue.