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Title:
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Characterization of raw and ozonated oil sands process water utilizing atmospheric pressure gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with solid phase microextractionun.
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Authors:
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Huang R; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
Yang L; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
How ZT; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
Fang Z; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China.
Bekele A; Upstream Research, Imperial Oil Resources Limited, Calgary, Alberta, T2C 5R2, Canada.
Letinski DJ; ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, NJ, 08801, USA.
Redman AD; ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, NJ, 08801, USA.
Gamal El-Din M; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada. Electronic address: .
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Source:
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Chemosphere [Chemosphere] 2021 Mar; Vol. 266, pp. 129017. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Nov 21.
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Publication Type:
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Journal Article
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Language:
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English
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Imprint Name(s):
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Publication: Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd
Original Publication: Oxford, New York, : Pergamon Press.
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MeSH Terms:
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Oil and Gas Fields*
Water Pollutants, Chemical*/analysis
Atmospheric Pressure ; Carboxylic Acids/analysis ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Water
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Contributed Indexing:
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Keywords: APGC-TOF-MS; Composition analysis; Correlation; Oil sands process water; SPME
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Substance Nomenclature:
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0 (Carboxylic Acids)
0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
059QF0KO0R (Water)
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Entry Date(s):
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Date Created: 20201202 Date Completed: 20210113 Latest Revision: 20210113
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Update Code:
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20240105
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DOI:
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10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129017
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PMID:
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33261842
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This work describes a novel application of atmospheric pressure gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (APGC-TOF-MS) combined with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the simultaneous analysis of hydrocarbons and naphthenic acids (NAs) species in raw and ozone-treated oil sands process water (OSPW). SPME method using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated fibers was validated using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) to ensure the SPME extractions were operated appropriately. The ionization pathways of the hydrocarbon species in OSPW in the APGC source were verified by analyzing a mixture of eight polyaromatic hydrocarbons which were ionized primarily via charge transfer to produce [M + ] while NAs in OSPW were found to be ionized through protonation to generate [MH + ] in the wet APGC source. SPME/APGC-TOF-MS analysis demonstrated a different composition profile in OSPW #1, with 74.5% of hydrocarbon species, 23.4% of O 2 -NAs, and 2.1% of the oxidized NA species at extraction pH 2.0 compared with that obtained by UPLC-TOF-MS analysis (36.9% of O 2 -NAs, 26.8% of O 3 -NAs, 24.9% of O 4 -NAs, 9.1% of O 5 -NAs, 2.3% of O 6 -NAs). Moreover, the peak areas of the total NAs and the total peak areas of NAs + hydrocarbons measured by SPME/APGC-TOF-MS correlated excellently with the total NA concentration determined by UPLC-TOF-MS (R 2 = 0.90) and the concentrations of the total acid-extractable organics determined by SPME/GC-FID (R 2 = 0.98), respectively. APGC-TOF-MS integrated with the SPME techniques could extend the range of target compounds and be a promising alternative to evaluate and characterize NAs and hydrocarbon in different water types.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
