Violence in the first millennium BCE Eurasian steppe: Cranial trauma in three Turpan Basin populations from Xinjiang, China.

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Tytuł:: Violence in the first millennium BCE Eurasian steppe: Cranial trauma in three Turpan Basin populations from Xinjiang, China.
Autorzy:: Zhang W; School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.; School of History, Classics and Archaeology, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Zhang Q; School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.; School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
McSweeney K; School of History, Classics and Archaeology, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Han T; School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.; Centre for the Study of Ancient Civilization, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.
Man X; School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
Yang S; School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
Wang L; Academy of Turfanology, Turpan, China.
Zhu H; School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
Zhang Q; School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
Wang Q; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Źródło:: American journal of physical anthropology [Am J Phys Anthropol] 2021 May; Vol. 175 (1), pp. 81-94. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Dec 11.
Typ publikacji:: Historical Article; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Język:: English
Imprint Name(s):: Publication: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
Original Publication: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley
MeSH Terms:: Craniocerebral Trauma*/epidemiology
Craniocerebral Trauma*/ethnology
Craniocerebral Trauma*/history
Craniocerebral Trauma*/pathology
Skull*/injuries
Skull*/pathology
Violence*/ethnology
Violence*/history
Adolescent ; Adult ; Archaeology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China/ethnology ; Female ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Weapons/history ; Young Adult
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Contributed Indexing:: Keywords: Subeixi culture; bronze weapon; cranial injury; interpersonal conflict
Entry Date(s):: Date Created: 20201211 Date Completed: 20210521 Latest Revision: 20210521
Update Code:: 20240104
DOI:: 10.1002/ajpa.24194
PMID:: 33305836
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Objectives: Violence affected daily life in prehistoric societies, especially at conflict zones where different peoples fought over resources and for other reasons. In this study, cranial trauma was analyzed to discuss the pattern of violence experienced by three Bronze to early Iron Age populations (1,000-100 BCE) that belonged to the Subeixi culture. These populations lived in the Turpan Basin, a conflict zone in the middle of the Eurasian Steppe.
Methods: The injuries on 129 complete crania unearthed from the Subeixi cemeteries were examined for crude prevalence rate (CPR), trauma type, time of occurrence, possible weapon, and direction of the blow. Thirty-three injuries identified from poorly preserved crania were also included in the analyses except for the CPR. Data was also compared between the samples and with four other populations that had violence-related backgrounds.
Results: Overall, 16.3% (21/129) of the individuals showed violence-induced traumatic lesions. Results also indicated that most of the injuries were perimortem (81.6%), and that women and children were more involved in conflict than the other comparative populations. Wounds from weapons accounted for 42.1% of the identified cranial injuries. Distribution analysis suggested no dominant handedness of the attackers, and that blows came from all directions including the top (17.1%). Wounds caused by arrowheads and a special type of battle-ax popular in middle and eastern Eurasian Steppe were also recognized.
Discussion: A comprehensive analysis of the skeletal evidence, historical records, and archeological background would suggest that the raiding to be the most possible conflict pattern reflected by the samples. The attackers were likely to have been nomadic invaders from the steppe (such as the Xiongnu from historical records), who attacked the residents in the basin more likely for their resources rather than territory or labor force.
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