Protected Areas Established by Local Communities through Direct Democracy Encompass Habitat for Species as Effectively as Protected Areas Planned over Large Spatial Scales.

Szczegóły
Abstrakt

Tytuł:: Protected Areas Established by Local Communities through Direct Democracy Encompass Habitat for Species as Effectively as Protected Areas Planned over Large Spatial Scales.
Autorzy:: Stachowiak C; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA. .; Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, 20250, USA. .
Crain BJ; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD, 21037-0028, USA.
Kroetz K; School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, PO Box 875502, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5502, USA.; Resources for the Future, 1616 P St. NW, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.
Sanchirico JN; Resources for the Future, 1616 P St. NW, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Armsworth PR; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
Źródło:: Environmental management [Environ Manage] 2021 Feb; Vol. 67 (2), pp. 242-250. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Jan 15.
Typ publikacji:: Journal Article
Język:: English
Imprint Name(s):: Publication: New York Ny : Springer Verlag
Original Publication: New York, Springer-Verlag.
MeSH Terms:: Conservation of Natural Resources*
Democracy*
Biodiversity ; Ecosystem
References:: Altman D (2017) The potential of direct democracy: a global measure (1900–2014). Soc Indic Res 133:1207–1227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1408-0. (PMID: 10.1007/s11205-016-1408-0)
Amundsen III O (2011) Strategic Conservation Planning, First. Land Trust Alliance, Washington D.C.
Andrade GSM, Rhodes JR (2012) Protected areas and local communities: an inevitable partnership toward successful conservation strategies? Ecol Soc 17: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05216-170414.
Armsworth PR, Fishburn IS, Davies ZG et al. (2012) The size, concentration, and growth of biodiversity-conservation nonprofits. Bioscience 62:271–281. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.3.8. (PMID: 10.1525/bio.2012.62.3.8)
Austin MP, Margules CR (1986) Assessing representativeness. In: Usher MB (ed) Wildlife Conservation Evaluation. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 45–67.
Aycrigg JL, Davidson A, Svancara LK, et al. (2013) Representation of ecological systems within the protected areas network of the continental United States. PLoS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054689.
Ballotpedia (2014) Local ballot measures, California.
Banzhaf HS, Oates WE, Sanchirico JN (2010) Success and design of local referenda for land conservation. J Policy Anal Manag 29:769–798. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20531. (PMID: 10.1002/pam.20531)
Barnes MD, Craigie ID, Dudley N, Hockings M (2016) Understanding local-scale drivers of biodiversity outcomes in terrestrial protected areas. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13154.
Cabeza M, Moilanen A (2001) Design of reserve networks and the persistence of biodiversity. Trends Ecol Evol 16:242–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02125-5. (PMID: 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02125-5)
California Department of Fish and Wildlife (2020) Conservation Planning Data and Tools. https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Planning/Data-and-Tools . Accessed 5 Oct 2020.
California Department of Fish and Wildlife (2014) CWHR GIS Data – Species Ranges and Habitat Data. https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/data/cwhr . Accessed 30 Mar 2015.
Carter SK, Keuler NS, Pidgeon AM, Radeloff VC (2014) Evaluating the influence of conservation plans on land protection actions in Wisconsin, USA. Biol Conserv 178:37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.07.014. (PMID: 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.07.014)
Chang K (2016) 2015 National Land Trust Census. Washington, DC.
Coetzee BWT, Gaston KJ, Chown SL (2014) Local scale comparisons of biodiversity as a test for global protected area ecological performance: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 9:e105824. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105824. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105824)
Di Fonzo MMI, Possingham HP, Probert WJM et al. (2016) Evaluating trade-offs between target persistence levels and numbers of species conserved. Conserv Lett 9:51–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12179. (PMID: 10.1111/conl.12179)
East Bay Regional Park District (2013) Master Plan 2013. Oakland, CA.
ESRI (2012) ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.1 SP1.
Fisher JRB, Dills B (2012) Do private conservation activities match science-based conservation priorities? PLoS ONE 7:e46429. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046429)
Gallo JA, Pasquini L, Reyers B, Cowling RM (2009) The role of private conservation areas in biodiversity representation and target achievement within the Little Karoo region, South Africa. Biol Conserv 142:446–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.025. (PMID: 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.025)
Gaston KJ (1994) Rarity, First. Springer Science & Business Media B.V., Cornwall, England. (PMID: 10.1007/978-94-011-0701-3)
Gaston KJ, Jackson SE, Cantu-Salazar L, Cruz-Pinon G (2008) The ecological performance of protected areas. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 39:93–113. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173529. (PMID: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173529)
Graves L (2012) Local Ballot Initiatives: How citizens change laws with clipboards, conversations, and campaigns. Madison, WI.
GreenInfo Network (2014) CPAD 2014a (Mar 2014). In: Calif. Prot. Areas Database. www.calands.org. Accessed 30 Mar 2015.
Groves C (2003) Drafting a conservation blueprint: a practitioner’s guide to planning for biodiversity. Island Press.
Holmes G (2013) What role do private protected areas have in conserving global biodiversity? Leeds, United Kingdom.
Homer CG, Dewitz JA, Yang L et al. (2015) Completion of the 2011 National Land Cover Database for the conterminous United States-Representing a decade of land cover change information. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 81:345–354.
Jennings MD (2000) Gap analysis: concepts, methods, and recent results*. Landsc Ecol 15:5–20. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008184408300. (PMID: 10.1023/A:1008184408300)
Joppa LN, Pfaff A (2009) High and far: biases in the location of protected areas. PLoS ONE 4:e8273. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008273. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008273)
Kroetz K, Sanchirico JN, Armsworth PR, Banzhaf HS (2014) Benefits of the ballot box for species conservation. Ecol Lett 17:294–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12230. (PMID: 10.1111/ele.12230)
Kuempel CD, Chauvenet ALM, Possingham HP (2016) Equitable representation of ecoregions is slowly improving despite strategic planning shortfalls. Conserv Lett 9:422–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12298. (PMID: 10.1111/conl.12298)
Kukkala AS, Moilanen A (2013) Core concepts of spatial prioritisation in systematic conservation planning. Biol Rev 88:443–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12008. (PMID: 10.1111/brv.12008)
Lawler JJ, Rinnan DS, Michalak JL et al. (2020) Planning for climate change through additions to a national protected area network: implications for cost and configuration. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 375:20190117. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0117. (PMID: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0117)
Lindenmayer DB, Wood JT, McBurney L et al. (2011) How to make a common species rare: a case against conservation complacency. Biol Conserv 144:1663–1672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.022. (PMID: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.022)
Mann HB, Whitney DR (1947) On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Ann Math Stat 18:50–60. https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177730491. (PMID: 10.1214/aoms/1177730491)
Matsusaka JG (2005) Direct democracy works. J Econ Perspect 19:185–206. https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330054048713. (PMID: 10.1257/0895330054048713)
Mayer KE, Laudenslayer WFJ (eds) (1988) A Guide to Wildlife Habitats of California. State of California, Resources Agency, Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.
Neeson TM, Doran PJ, Ferris MC et al. (2018) Conserving rare species can have high opportunity costs for common species. Glob Chang Biol 24:3862–3872. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14162. (PMID: 10.1111/gcb.14162)
Nelson E, Uwasu M, Polasky S (2007) Voting on open space: what explains the appearance and support of municipal-level open space conservation referenda in the United States? Ecol Econ 62:580–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.07.027. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.07.027)
Polak T, Watson JEM, Bennett JR et al. (2016) Balancing ecosystem and threatened species representation in protected areas and implications for nations achieving global conservation goals. Conserv Lett 9:438–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12268. (PMID: 10.1111/conl.12268)
Pressey RL (1994) Ad hoc reservations: forward or backward steps in developing representative reserve systems? Conserv Biol 8:662–668. (PMID: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030662.x)
R Core Team (2018) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.
Rodrigues ASL, Akçakaya HR, Andelman SJ et al. (2004) Global gap analysis: priority regions for expanding the global protected-area network Bioscience 54:1092–1100. (PMID: 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[1092:GGAPRF]2.0.CO;2)
Scott JM, Davis F, Csuti B et al. (1993) Gap analysis: a geographic approach to protection of biological diversity. Wildl Monogr 29:3–41.
Stein BA, Kutner LS (2000) Precious Heritage: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States. Oxford University Press.
Sterling EJ, Betley E, Sigouin A et al. (2017) Assessing the evidence for stakeholder engagement in biodiversity conservation. Biol Conserv 209:159–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.02.008. (PMID: 10.1016/j.biocon.2017.02.008)
The Nature Conservancy (2017) TNC Lands. www.tnclands.tnc.org/.
The Nature Conservancy California (2001) California North Coast Ecoregional Plan. San Francisco, CA.
Trust for Public Land (2018) Landvote Database. www.landvote.org.
Underwood EC, Klausmeyer KR, Morrison SA et al. (2009) Evaluating conservation spending for species return: a retrospective analysis in California. Conserv Lett 2:130–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00018.x. (PMID: 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00018.x)
UNEP-WCMC (2019) User Manual for the World Database on Protected Areas and world database on other effective area-based conservation measures: 1.6. Cambridge, UK.
Wilcoxon F (1945) Individual Comparisons by Ranking Methods. Biometrics Bull 1:80–83. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001968. (PMID: 10.2307/3001968)
Zeiner DC, Laudenslayer WFJ, Mayer KE, White M (eds) (1988-1990) California’s Wildlife. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.
Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Smith GM (2007) Analysing Ecological Data. Springer, New York, New York, NY. (PMID: 10.1007/978-0-387-45972-1)
Contributed Indexing:: Keywords: ballot; biodiversity; conservation planning; gap analysis; nature reserve; open space
Entry Date(s):: Date Created: 20210115 Date Completed: 20210423 Latest Revision: 20210423
Update Code:: 20240105
DOI:: 10.1007/s00267-020-01403-4
PMID:: 33449139
: Czasopismo naukowe

Full Text Finder

Local communities contribute to broader biodiversity protection goals when managing their immediate environment when they establish protected areas. However, their efforts are geographically constrained and often uncoordinated. We compare protected areas established by local communities through the direct democracy process in California, US, to protected areas created and managed by two conservation actors working over larger spatial scales, one private and one public. Despite being geographically constrained to smaller spatial scales, protected areas established by local communities were as effective as those established by larger scale conservation actors at representing different habitat types. However, local ballot protected areas tended to protect more common species. All three protected area networks often performed no better than random in terms of siting protected areas to support narrow range species and rare habitats. Improved accounting of local communities' protection efforts would allow organizations with greater funding flexibility to focus their efforts to increase representation of rarer species and habitats in protected area systems.

Informacja