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Tytuł:
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Formation of nitro(so) and chlorinated products and toxicity alteration during the UV/monochloramine treatment of phenol.
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Autorzy:
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Chen C; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
Du Y; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
Zhou Y; Hainan Provincial Department of Ecological Environment, Haikou, 570203, PR China.
Wu Q; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
Zheng S; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
Fang J; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China. Electronic address: .
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Źródło:
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Water research [Water Res] 2021 Apr 15; Vol. 194, pp. 116914. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Feb 08.
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Typ publikacji:
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Journal Article
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Język:
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English
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Imprint Name(s):
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Original Publication: Oxford, Pergamon Press.
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MeSH Terms:
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Water Pollutants, Chemical*/analysis
Water Pollutants, Chemical*/toxicity
Water Purification*
Animals ; CHO Cells ; Chloramines ; Chlorine ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; Disinfection ; Halogenation ; Phenol ; Phenols ; Ultraviolet Rays
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Contributed Indexing:
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Keywords: Disinfection byproducts; Halogen radicals; Hydroxyl radicals; Reactive nitrogen species; The UV/monochloramine advanced oxidation process; Toxicity
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Substance Nomenclature:
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0 (Chloramines)
0 (Phenols)
0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
339NCG44TV (Phenol)
4R7X1O2820 (Chlorine)
KW8K411A1P (chloramine)
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Entry Date(s):
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Date Created: 20210226 Date Completed: 20210317 Latest Revision: 20210317
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Update Code:
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20240105
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DOI:
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10.1016/j.watres.2021.116914
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PMID:
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33636667
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The UV/monochloramine (UV/NH 2 Cl) process is an emerging advanced oxidation process (AOP) to remove organic contaminants in water treatment with radicals including hydroxyl radicals (HO • ), reactive chlorine species (RCS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). This study investigated the formation of nitro(so) and chlorinated products and toxicity alteration during the UV/NH 2 Cl treatment of phenol. RNS and/or RCS induced the formation of nitro(so), chlorinated and polymeric compounds during phenol transformation by UV/NH 2 Cl. These compounds dramatically increased the cytotoxicity to Chinese hamster ovary cells after 20 min UV/NH 2 Cl treatment, which was 10 times higher than that after 24 h chloramination. The increase of cytotoxicity in UV/NH 2 Cl was primarily attributable to 4-nitrosophenol, and the cytotoxicity followed the order of 4-nitrosophenol >> 4-nitrophenol > 2,4,6-trichlorophenol > 2,4-dichlorophenol > phenol. 4-Nitrosophenol was significantly generated by the combination of • NO and phenoxy radical, where the maximum conversion rates of phenol to 4-nitrosophenol increased from 4.9% to 62.4% when pH increased from 5 to 10. The highest conversion rate was at pH 10 because the • NO concentration increased with increasing pH from 5 to 10 in UV/NH 2 Cl, as verified by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis. Nitrophenols were also detected at much lower concentrations than 4-nitrosophenol, which were mainly formed by the oxidation of 4-nitrosophenol and the combination of • NO 2 with phenoxy radicals. RCS was responsible for the formation of chlorinated products mainly through Cl • addition and the reactions of Cl • /Cl 2 •- with phenoxy radicals. Also, RCS and RNS significantly enhanced the formation of carbonaceous (i.e., chloroform and chloral hydrate) and nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (i.e., chloropicrin and dichloroacetonitrile) in UV/NH 2 Cl. This study indicates that the UV/NH 2 Cl treatment significantly increased toxicity and validates the roles of RNS and RCS in producing toxic nitro(so) and chlorinated products.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
