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Tytuł:
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Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population.
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Autorzy:
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Vallarta-Robledo JR; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.; Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
Sandoval JL; Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.; Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
Baggio S; Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.; Department of Justice and Home Affairs of the Canton of Zurich, Office of Corrections, Zurich, Switzerland.
Salamun J; Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
Jacquérioz F; Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
Spechbach H; Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
Guessous I; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.; Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Źródło:
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Frontiers in public health [Front Public Health] 2021 Nov 05; Vol. 9, pp. 731981. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Nov 05 (Print Publication: 2021).
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Typ publikacji:
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Journal Article
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Język:
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English
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Imprint Name(s):
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Original Publication: Lausanne : Frontiers Editorial Office
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MeSH Terms:
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COVID-19*
SARS-CoV-2*
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Outpatients ; Smoking/adverse effects ; Switzerland/epidemiology
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References:
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Contributed Indexing:
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Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; outpatient testing; public health; smoking
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Entry Date(s):
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Date Created: 20211122 Date Completed: 20211124 Latest Revision: 20211124
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Update Code:
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20240105
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PubMed Central ID:
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PMC8602063
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DOI:
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10.3389/fpubh.2021.731981
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PMID:
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34805064
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To date, most of the evidence suggests that smoking is negatively associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. However, evidence has several methodological limitations. Using an outpatient sample population, we analyzed the association of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and smoking considering comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors. Baseline data were obtained from a cohort during the first wave of the pandemic in Geneva, Switzerland (March-April 2020). RT-PCR tests were carried out on individuals suspected of having SARS-CoV-2 according to the testing strategy at that time. Logistic regressions were performed to test the association of smoking and testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and further adjusted for comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors. The sample included 5,169 participants; 60% were women and the mean age was 41 years. The unadjusted OR for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 was 0.46 (CI: 0.38-0.54). After adjustment for comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors, smoking was still negatively associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (OR: 0.44; CI: 0.35-0.77). Women (OR: 0.79; CI: 0.69-0.91), higher postal income (OR: 0.97; CI: 0.95-0.99), having respiratory (OR: 0.68; CI: 0.55-0.84) and immunosuppressive disorders (OR: 0.63; CI: 0.44-0.88) also showed independent negative associations with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2. Smoking was negatively associated with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 independently of comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors. Since having respiratory or immunosuppressive conditions and being females and healthcare workers were similarly negatively associated with SARS-CoV-2 positive testing, we hypothesize that risk factor-related protective or testing behaviors could have induced a negative association with SARS-CoV-2.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
(Copyright © 2021 Vallarta-Robledo, Sandoval, Baggio, Salamun, Jacquérioz, Spechbach and Guessous.)
