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Tytuł:
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Understanding the combined effects of multiple stressors: A new perspective on a longstanding challenge.
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Autorzy:
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Pirotta E; Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: .
Thomas L; Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK. Electronic address: .
Costa DP; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA. Electronic address: .
Hall AJ; Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK. Electronic address: .
Harris CM; Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK. Electronic address: .
Harwood J; Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK. Electronic address: .
Kraus SD; Anderson-Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: .
Miller PJO; Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK. Electronic address: .
Moore MJ; Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA. Electronic address: .
Photopoulou T; Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK. Electronic address: .
Rolland RM; Anderson-Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: .
Schwacke L; National Marine Mammal Foundation, Johns Island, SC, USA. Electronic address: .
Simmons SE; Marine Mammal Commission, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: .
Southall BL; Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Southall Environmental Associates, Inc., Aptos, CA, USA. Electronic address: .
Tyack PL; Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK. Electronic address: .
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Źródło:
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The Science of the total environment [Sci Total Environ] 2022 May 15; Vol. 821, pp. 153322. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jan 21.
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Typ publikacji:
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Journal Article; Review
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Język:
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English
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Imprint Name(s):
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Original Publication: Amsterdam, Elsevier.
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MeSH Terms:
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Anthropogenic Effects*
Climate Change*
Ecosystem*
Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Water Pollution ; Whales
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Contributed Indexing:
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Keywords: Adaptive management; Climate change; Combined effects; Mechanistic modelling; Multiple stressors; Population consequences
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Entry Date(s):
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Date Created: 20220125 Date Completed: 20220316 Latest Revision: 20220531
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Update Code:
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20240105
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DOI:
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10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153322
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PMID:
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35074373
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Wildlife populations and their habitats are exposed to an expanding diversity and intensity of stressors caused by human activities, within the broader context of natural processes and increasing pressure from climate change. Estimating how these multiple stressors affect individuals, populations, and ecosystems is thus of growing importance. However, their combined effects often cannot be predicted reliably from the individual effects of each stressor, and we lack the mechanistic understanding and analytical tools to predict their joint outcomes. We review the science of multiple stressors and present a conceptual framework that captures and reconciles the variety of existing approaches for assessing combined effects. Specifically, we show that all approaches lie along a spectrum, reflecting increasing assumptions about the mechanisms that regulate the action of single stressors and their combined effects. An emphasis on mechanisms improves analytical precision and predictive power but could introduce bias if the underlying assumptions are incorrect. A purely empirical approach has less risk of bias but requires adequate data on the effects of the full range of anticipated combinations of stressor types and magnitudes. We illustrate how this spectrum can be formalised into specific analytical methods, using an example of North Atlantic right whales feeding on limited prey resources while simultaneously being affected by entanglement in fishing gear. In practice, case-specific management needs and data availability will guide the exploration of the stressor combinations of interest and the selection of a suitable trade-off between precision and bias. We argue that the primary goal for adaptive management should be to identify the most practical and effective ways to remove or reduce specific combinations of stressors, bringing the risk of adverse impacts on populations and ecosystems below acceptable thresholds.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
