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Tytuł:
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The evolutionary drivers of primate scleral coloration.
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Autorzy:
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Mearing AS; Department of Archaeology, Fitzwilliam Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, UK. .
Burkart JM; Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
Dunn J; Department of Archaeology, Fitzwilliam Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, UK.; School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK.; Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
Street SE; Department of Anthropology, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
Koops K; Department of Archaeology, Fitzwilliam Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, UK.; Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Źródło:
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Scientific reports [Sci Rep] 2022 Aug 18; Vol. 12 (1), pp. 14119. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Aug 18.
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Typ publikacji:
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Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Język:
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English
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Imprint Name(s):
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Original Publication: London : Nature Publishing Group, copyright 2011-
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MeSH Terms:
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Primates*
Sclera*
Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Pan troglodytes ; Phylogeny ; Pigmentation
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References:
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Grant Information:
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51NF40_180888 Switzerland SNSF_ Swiss National Science Foundation
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Entry Date(s):
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Date Created: 20220818 Date Completed: 20220822 Latest Revision: 20221117
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Update Code:
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20240105
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PubMed Central ID:
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PMC9388658
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DOI:
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10.1038/s41598-022-18275-9
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PMID:
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35982191
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The drivers of divergent scleral morphologies in primates are currently unclear, though white sclerae are often assumed to underlie human hyper-cooperative behaviours. Humans are unusual in possessing depigmented sclerae whereas many other extant primates, including the closely-related chimpanzee, possess dark scleral pigment. Here, we use phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) analyses with previously generated species-level scores of proactive prosociality, social tolerance (both n = 15 primate species), and conspecific lethal aggression (n = 108 primate species) to provide the first quantitative, comparative test of three existing hypotheses. The 'self-domestication' and 'cooperative eye' explanations predict white sclerae to be associated with cooperative, rather than competitive, environments. The 'gaze camouflage' hypothesis predicts that dark scleral pigment functions as gaze direction camouflage in competitive social environments. Notably, the experimental evidence that non-human primates draw social information from conspecific eye movements is unclear, with the latter two hypotheses having recently been challenged. Here, we show that white sclerae in primates are associated with increased cooperative behaviours whereas dark sclerae are associated with reduced cooperative behaviours and increased conspecific lethal violence. These results are consistent with all three hypotheses of scleral evolution, suggesting that primate scleral morphologies evolve in relation to variation in social environment.
(© 2022. The Author(s).)
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