The importance of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic and repetitive use of levosimendan.

Levosimendan was introduced into routine clinical practice in 2000, obtaining approval for the treatment of decompensation of severe chronic heart failure. Levosimendan increases the calcium sensitivity of contractile proteins by binding to myocardial troponin C (cTnC) in a calcium dependent manner. Apart from the mechanism of action of levosimendan, resulting directly in the improvement of heart function, a number of pleiotropic mechanisms have also been identified, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Pharmacokinetics of levosimendan is linear in a therapeutic dose range i.e. from 0.05 to 0.2 μg/kg/min. Therapeutic concentration of levosimendan is reached approximately 1 h after the start of intravenous infusion, and steady state is reached within 5 h after continuous infusion initiation. OR-1855 and OR-1896 are the only significant metabolites detected in the systemic circulation after administration of levosimendan. After a 24-hour infusion of levosimendan, the pharmacodynamic effect of the drug is observed for at least one week. Repetitive levosimendan infusions are safe and multiple infusions of levosimendan show a number of benefits. However, experience with multiple doses of levosimendan is scarce. The protocols of clinical trials conducted so far on repeated and intermittent infusions of levosimendan were developed subjectively and were based on the opinion of experts forming a given research team. There is still a need for more clinical research on the multidirectional effect of levosimendan in the group of patients with heart failure. The aim of this review was to summarize most relevant and up-to-date scientific data on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic basis of levosimendan repetitive use in clinical practice that may assist in bedside decision making.
Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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