The associations of everyday and major discrimination exposure with violence and poor mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Tytuł:: The associations of everyday and major discrimination exposure with violence and poor mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Autorzy:: Raj A; Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive #0507, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Chrystal Macmillan Building, 15a George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9LD United Kingdom. Electronic address: .
Chatterji S; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Johns NE; Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive #0507, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Yore J; Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive #0507, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Dey AK; Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive #0507, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Williams DR; Department of Education Studies, University of California, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
Źródło:: Social science & medicine (1982) [Soc Sci Med] 2023 Feb; Vol. 318, pp. 115620. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Dec 15.
Typ publikacji:: Journal Article
Język:: English
Imprint Name(s):: Original Publication: Oxford ; New York : Pergamon, c1982-
MeSH Terms:: Pandemics*
COVID-19*/epidemiology
Adult ; Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Violence ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care
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Grant Information:: RP-1907-13755 & P-2006-14747 Blue Shield of California Foundation; 20202903 & 118910 Kaiser Permanente National Community Benefit Fund at the East Bay Community Foundation; INV018007 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Contributed Indexing:: Keywords: COVID-19; Economic deprivation; Gender-based violence; Poverty; Sexual harassment; Sexual violence
Entry Date(s):: Date Created: 20230101 Date Completed: 20230123 Latest Revision: 20240117
Update Code:: 20240117
PubMed Central ID:: PMC9750505
DOI:: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115620
PMID:: 36587480
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Research on discrimination and risks for violence and mental health issues under the pandemic is notably absent. We examined the relative effects of perceived everyday discrimination (e.g., poorer service, disrespectful treatment in a typical week) and major experiences of race-based discrimination (e.g., racial/ethnic discrimination in housing or employment at any point in the lifetime) on experiences of violence and the PHQ-4 assessment of symptoms of depression and anxiety under the pandemic. We analyzed state-representative cross-sectional survey data from California adults (N = 2114) collected in March 2021. We conducted multivariate regression models adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, gender, sexual identity, income, and disability. One in four Californians (26.1%) experienced everyday discrimination in public spaces, due most often to race/ethnicity and gender. We found that everyday discrimination was significantly associated with past year physical violence (single form Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 5.0, 95% CI 2.5-10.3; multiple forms AOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-5.8), past year sexual violence (multiple forms AOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-4.4), and mental health symptoms (e.g., severe symptoms, multiple forms AOR 3.3, 95% CI 1.6-6.7). Major experiences of race-based discrimination (reported by 10.0% of Californians) were associated with past year sexual violence (AOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.8) and severe mental health symptoms (AOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2-6.2). Non-race-based major discrimination (reported by 23.9% of Californians) was also associated with violence and mental health outcomes Everyday discrimination, more than major experiences of discrimination, was associated with higher risk for violence and poor mental health outcomes during the pandemic. Non-race-based forms of major discrimination independently were also associated with these negative outcomes. Findings indicate that efforts to reduce and ultimately eliminate discrimination should be a focus of public health and COVID-19 rebuilding efforts.
(Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

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