Historians of education have argued that the field of vocational guidance was founded by men in Boston in 1909, and that these guidance practices were not used in a college setting until the mid-1940s after the close of World War II. This article illustrates the history of early female student affairs practitioners developing and implementing vocational career guidance with women college students by the very early 1900s. A coalition of highly educated women created a national network to place female graduates into employment outside of teaching as a part of an effort to provide college-educated women with a living wage, and economic citizenship that allowed their autonomy as individuals in US society. This network extended into Canada, England, and the International Federation of University Women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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