Skype® International EFL Exchanges Revisited: Chi-Squared Results of Changes in Affective Variables

This article contains the results of a chi-squared analysis on the data set of a survey instrument completed by a class of Japanese elementary school students (n = 29) before and after a series of Skype® exchanges. The parametric results were reported previously (Ockert, 2015a). The instrument instructions requested students to rank six statements on a scale from 1 ("Completely Disagree") to 6 ("Completely Agree"). Comparing the chi-squared individual item results before and after the exchanges clearly shows the increases in the affective variables across the range of the scale numerical options. The implications for the use of voice over Internet protocol technologies in EFL contexts are discussed.