Atherosklerose, Cholesterin, Ernährung und Statine - eine kritische Übersicht
Źródło :
GMS German Medical Science; VOL: 5; DOC04 /20070816
URL :
http://www.egms.de/en/journals/gms/2007-5/000040.shtml Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2004 update. Dallas: American Heart Association, 2003. Avorn J. Torcetrapib and atorvastatin--should marketing drive the research agenda? N Engl J Med. 2005;352(25):2573-6. Arbor Clinical Nutrition Update. Homocysteine and heart disease in 2006. 2006;258. Available from: http://www.nutritionupdates.org/sub/sub03.php?item=2 Get ready for statin price wars. Marketplace 2006 June 23. Available from: http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/06/23/PM200606234.html. Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA. 1995;274(13):1049-57. Chakravarthy MV, Pan Z, Zhu Y, Tordjman K, Schneider JG, Coleman T, Turk J, Semenkovich CF. "New" hepatic fat activates PPARalpha to maintain glucose, lipid, and cholesterol homeostasis. Cell Metab. 2005;1(5):309-22. Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and Homocysteine (SEARCH). Oxford: Clinical Trial Service Unit; 2006 [updated 2006 May 16; cited 2007 Aug 08]. Available from: http://www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/projects/search/index_html Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R; Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9374):2005-16. Cornhill JF, Roach MR. A quantitative study of the localization of atherosclerotic lesions in the rabbit aorta. Atherosclerosis. 1976;23(3):489-501. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation. 1999;99(6):779-85. del Real G, Jimenez-Baranda S, Mira E, Lacalle RA, Lucas P, Gomez-Mouton C, Alegret M, Pena JM, Rodriguez-Zapata M, Alvarez-Mon M, Martinez-A C, Manes S. Statins inhibit HIV-1 infection by down-regulating Rho activity. J Exp Med. 2004;200(4):541-7. Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, Di Palo C, Giugliano F, Giugliano G, D'Armiento M, D'Andrea F, Giugliano D. Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292(12):1440-6. Estruch R, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Corella D, Salas-Salvado J, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Covas MI, Fiol M, Gomez-Gracia E, Lopez-Sabater MC, Vinyoles E, Aros F, Conde M, Lahoz C, Lapetra J, Saez G, Ros E; PREDIMED Study Investigators. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(1):1-11. Faggiotto A, Paoletti R. State-of-the-Art lecture. Statins and blockers of the renin-angiotensin system: vascular protection beyond their primary mode of action. Hypertension. 1999;34(4 Pt 2):987-96. Finsterer J. Fibrat und Statin-Myopathie [Fibrate and statine myopathy]. Nervenarzt. 2003;74(2):115-22. Fontana L, Meyer TE, Klein S, Holloszy JO. Long-term calorie restriction is highly effective in reducing the risk for atherosclerosis in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(17):6659-63. Gaist D, Jeppesen U, Andersen M, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Hallas J, Sindrup SH. Statins and risk of polyneuropathy: a case-control study. Neurology. 2002;58(9):1333-7. Gebbers JO. Cholesterin ist für die Atherosklerose ohne Bedeutung. Die Ergebnisse von Autopsien stützen die Lipidhypothese nicht. Ars Medici. 1998;88:564-9. Giannini O, Gebbers JO. Fragwürdige KHK-Epidemiologie. Ars Medici. 1999;89(5):320-5. Gimbrone MA, Topper JN. Biology of the Vessel Wall: Endothelium. In: Chien KR, editor. Molecular Basis of Heart Diseases. Troy, MO: Hartcourt Brace; 1998. p. 331-48 Graham DJ, Staffa JA, Shatin D, Andrade SE, Schech SD, La Grenade L, Gurwitz JH, Chan KA, Goodman MJ, Platt R. Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs. JAMA. 2004;292(21):2585-90. Grimes DS. Are statins analogues of vitamin D? Lancet. 2006;368(9529):83-6. Hall IH, Chen SY, Rajendran KG, Sood A, Spielvogel BF, Shih J. Hypolipidemic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoporotic, and anti-neoplastic properties of amine carboxyboranes. Environ Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:21-30. Hansson GK. Cell-mediated immunity in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1997;8(5):301-11. Hansson GK, Zhou X, Tornquist E, Paulsson G. The role of adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;902:53-64. Hayward RA, Hofer TP, Vijan S. Narrative review: lack of evidence for recommended low-density lipoprotein treatment targets: a solvable problem. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(7):520-30. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9326):7-22. Heller R, Unbehaun A, Schellenberg B, Mayer B, Werner-Felmayer G, Werner ER. L-ascorbic acid potentiates endothelial nitric oxide synthesis via a chemical stabilization of tetrahydrobiopterin. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(1):40-7. Kleist P. Zehn Anforderungen an therapeutische Äquivalenzstudien. Oder warum der fehlende Nachweis von Unterschieden und Äquivalenz nicht dasselbe bedeuten. Swiss Med Forum. 2006;6(37):814-9. Knoops KT, de Groot LC, Kromhout D, Perrin AE, Moreiras-Varela O, Menotti A, van Staveren WA. Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: the HALE project. JAMA. 2004;292(12):1433-9. Krapf R. BMI oder: Wer ist überhaupt noch normalgewichtig? Swiss Med Forum. 2004;4(50):1265. Kwak B, Mulhaupt F, Myit S, Mach F. Statins as a newly recognized type of immunomodulator. Nat Med. 2000;6(12):1399-402. Laufs U, La Fata V, Plutzky J, Liao JK. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation. 1998;97(12):1129-35. Li AC, Brown KK, Silvestre MJ, Willson TM, Palinski W, Glass CK. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands inhibit development of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Clin Invest. 2000;106(4):523-31. Liao JK, Laufs U. Pleiotropic effects of statins. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;45:89-118. Liem AH, van Boven AJ, Veeger NJ, Withagen AJ, Robles de Medina RM, Tijssen JG, van Veldhuisen DJ; Folic Acid on Risk Diminishment After Acute Myocarial Infarction Study Group. Efficacy of folic acid when added to statin therapy in patients with hypercholesterolemia following acute myocardial infarction: a randomised pilot trial. Int J Cardiol. 2004;93(2-3):175-9. Matsuno H, Takei M, Hayashi H, Nakajima K, Ishisaki A, Kozawa O. Simvastatin enhances the regeneration of endothelial cells via VEGF secretion in injured arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004;43(3):333-40. McCully KS. Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia: implications for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Am J Pathol. 1969;56(1):111-28. McNulty H, Dowey le RC, Strain JJ, Dunne A, Ward M, Molloy AM, McAnena LB, Hughes JP, Hannon-Fletcher M, Scott JM. Riboflavin lowers homocysteine in individuals homozygous for the MTHFR 677C->T polymorphism. Circulation. 2006;113(1):74-80. Moat SJ, Doshi SN, Lang D, McDowell IF, Lewis MJ, Goodfellow J. Treatment of coronary heart disease with folic acid: is there a future? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;287(1):H1-7. Moat SJ, Lang D, McDowell IF, Clarke ZL, Madhavan AK, Lewis MJ, Goodfellow J. Folate, homocysteine, endothelial function and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr Biochem. 2004;15(2):64-79. Mozaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(15):1601-13. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Sasiela WJ, Tsai J, Orazem J, Magorien RD, O'Shaughnessy C, Ganz P; Reversal of Atherosclerosis with Aggressive Lipid Lowering (REVERSAL) Investigators. Statin therapy, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(1):29-38. Palinski W, Witztum JL. Immune responses to oxidative neoepitopes on LDL and phospholipids modulate the development of atherosclerosis. J Intern Med. 2000;247(3):371-80. Refsum H, Nurk E, Smith AD, Ueland PM, Gjesdal CG, Bjelland I, Tverdal A, Tell GS, Nygard O, Vollset SE. The Hordaland Homocysteine Study: a community-based study of homocysteine, its determinants, and associations with disease. J Nutr. 2006;136(6 Suppl):1731S-1740S. Resnick N, Gimbrone MA Jr. Hemodynamic forces are complex regulators of endothelial gene expression. FASEB J. 1995;9(10):874-82. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, Rifai N, Rose LM, McCabe CH, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E; Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) Investigators. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(1):20-8. Rodgers GM, Conn MT. Homocysteine, an atherogenic stimulus, reduces protein C activation by arterial and venous endothelial cells. Blood. 1990;75(4):895-901. Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(2):115-26. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Warnica JW, Arnold JM, Wun CC, Davis BR, Braunwald E. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(14):1001-9. Scrimshaw NS, Guzman MA. Diet and atherosclerosis. Lab Invest. 1968;18(5):623-8. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles CG, Lorimer AR, MacFarlane PW, McKillop JH, Packard CJ. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(20):1301-7. Silverberg C. Atorvastatin-induced polyneuropathy. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(9):792-3. Spieker L, Ruschitzka F, Lüscher TF, Noll G. HDL-Cholesterin bei Atherosklerose - zu wenig des Guten. Swiss Med Forum. 2003;3(39):920-6. Spieker LE, Sudano I, Hurlimann D, Lerch PG, Lang MG, Binggeli C, Corti R, Ruschitzka F, Lüscher TF, Noll G. High-density lipoprotein restores endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic men. Circulation. 2002;105(12):1399-402. Stamler JS, Osborne JA, Jaraki O, Rabbani LE, Mullins M, Singel D, Loscalzo J. Adverse vascular effects of homocysteine are modulated by endothelium-derived relaxing factor and related oxides of nitrogen. J Clin Invest. 1993;91(1):308-18. Stehbens WE, Smith RL. Serum cholesterol correlations with atherosclerosis at autopsy. Am Clin Lab. 1997;16(3):14-5. Strong JP, Johnson WD, Oalmann MC, Wissler RW. Community pathology of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in New Orleans: Relationship of risk factors to atherosclerotic lesions. In: Gotto AM, Smith LC, Allen B, editors. Atherosclerosis V. New York, NY: Springer; 1980. p. 719-30. Strong JP, Malcom GT, McMahan CA, Tracy RE, Newman WP 3rd, Herderick EE, Cornhill JF. Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study. JAMA. 1999;281(8):727-35. Tan KC, Chow WS, Tam SC, Ai VH, Lam CH, Lam KS. Atorvastatin lowers C-reactive protein and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(2):563-8. Timimi FK, Ting HH, Haley EA, Roddy MA, Ganz P, Creager MA. Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31(3):552-7. Ueland PM, Refsum H, Brattstrom L. Plasma homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. In: RB Francis, editor. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, hemostasis, and endothelial function. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1992. p. 183-236. Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S. Modelling the decline in coronary heart disease deaths in England and Wales, 1981-2000: comparing contributions from primary prevention and secondary prevention. BMJ. 2005;331(7517):614. Virchow R. Der atheromatöse Prozess der Arterien. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1856;6:825-41. van de Ree MA, Huisman MV, de Man FH, van der Vijver JC, Meinders AE, Blauw GJ. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the lack of effect of simvastatin. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;52(2):299-305. van Etten RW, de Koning EJ, Verhaar MC, Gaillard CA, Rabelink TJ. Impaired NO-dependent vasodilation in patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is restored by acute administration of folate. Diabetologia. 2002;45(7):1004-10. van Etten RW, de Koning EJ, Honing ML, Stroes ES, Gaillard CA, Rabelink TJ. Intensive lipid lowering by statin therapy does not improve vasoreactivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22(5):799-804. Wolfe SM. Dangers of rosuvastatin identified before and after FDA approval. Lancet. 2004;363(9427):2189-90.
Atherosklerose, Cholesterin, Ernährung und Statine - eine kritische Übersicht
Źródło :
GMS German Medical Science
URL :
http://www.egms.de/en/journals/gms/2007-5/000040.shtml Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2004 update. Dallas: American Heart Association, 2003. Avorn J. Torcetrapib and atorvastatin--should marketing drive the research agenda? N Engl J Med. 2005;352(25):2573-6. Arbor Clinical Nutrition Update. Homocysteine and heart disease in 2006. 2006;258. Available from: http://www.nutritionupdates.org/sub/sub03.php?item=2 Get ready for statin price wars. Marketplace 2006 June 23. Available from: http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/06/23/PM200606234.html. Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA. 1995;274(13):1049-57. Chakravarthy MV, Pan Z, Zhu Y, Tordjman K, Schneider JG, Coleman T, Turk J, Semenkovich CF. "New" hepatic fat activates PPARalpha to maintain glucose, lipid, and cholesterol homeostasis. Cell Metab. 2005;1(5):309-22. Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and Homocysteine (SEARCH). Oxford: Clinical Trial Service Unit; 2006 [updated 2006 May 16; cited 2007 Aug 08]. Available from: http://www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/projects/search/index_html Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R; Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9374):2005-16. Cornhill JF, Roach MR. A quantitative study of the localization of atherosclerotic lesions in the rabbit aorta. Atherosclerosis. 1976;23(3):489-501. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation. 1999;99(6):779-85. del Real G, Jimenez-Baranda S, Mira E, Lacalle RA, Lucas P, Gomez-Mouton C, Alegret M, Pena JM, Rodriguez-Zapata M, Alvarez-Mon M, Martinez-A C, Manes S. Statins inhibit HIV-1 infection by down-regulating Rho activity. J Exp Med. 2004;200(4):541-7. Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, Di Palo C, Giugliano F, Giugliano G, D'Armiento M, D'Andrea F, Giugliano D. Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292(12):1440-6. Estruch R, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Corella D, Salas-Salvado J, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Covas MI, Fiol M, Gomez-Gracia E, Lopez-Sabater MC, Vinyoles E, Aros F, Conde M, Lahoz C, Lapetra J, Saez G, Ros E; PREDIMED Study Investigators. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(1):1-11. Faggiotto A, Paoletti R. State-of-the-Art lecture. Statins and blockers of the renin-angiotensin system: vascular protection beyond their primary mode of action. Hypertension. 1999;34(4 Pt 2):987-96. Finsterer J. Fibrat und Statin-Myopathie [Fibrate and statine myopathy]. Nervenarzt. 2003;74(2):115-22. Fontana L, Meyer TE, Klein S, Holloszy JO. Long-term calorie restriction is highly effective in reducing the risk for atherosclerosis in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(17):6659-63. Gaist D, Jeppesen U, Andersen M, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Hallas J, Sindrup SH. Statins and risk of polyneuropathy: a case-control study. Neurology. 2002;58(9):1333-7. Gebbers JO. Cholesterin ist für die Atherosklerose ohne Bedeutung. Die Ergebnisse von Autopsien stützen die Lipidhypothese nicht. Ars Medici. 1998;88:564-9. Giannini O, Gebbers JO. Fragwürdige KHK-Epidemiologie. Ars Medici. 1999;89(5):320-5. Gimbrone MA, Topper JN. Biology of the Vessel Wall: Endothelium. In: Chien KR, editor. Molecular Basis of Heart Diseases. Troy, MO: Hartcourt Brace; 1998. p. 331-48 Graham DJ, Staffa JA, Shatin D, Andrade SE, Schech SD, La Grenade L, Gurwitz JH, Chan KA, Goodman MJ, Platt R. Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs. JAMA. 2004;292(21):2585-90. Grimes DS. Are statins analogues of vitamin D? Lancet. 2006;368(9529):83-6. Hall IH, Chen SY, Rajendran KG, Sood A, Spielvogel BF, Shih J. Hypolipidemic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoporotic, and anti-neoplastic properties of amine carboxyboranes. Environ Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:21-30. Hansson GK. Cell-mediated immunity in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1997;8(5):301-11. Hansson GK, Zhou X, Tornquist E, Paulsson G. The role of adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;902:53-64. Hayward RA, Hofer TP, Vijan S. Narrative review: lack of evidence for recommended low-density lipoprotein treatment targets: a solvable problem. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(7):520-30. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9326):7-22. Heller R, Unbehaun A, Schellenberg B, Mayer B, Werner-Felmayer G, Werner ER. L-ascorbic acid potentiates endothelial nitric oxide synthesis via a chemical stabilization of tetrahydrobiopterin. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(1):40-7. Kleist P. Zehn Anforderungen an therapeutische Äquivalenzstudien. Oder warum der fehlende Nachweis von Unterschieden und Äquivalenz nicht dasselbe bedeuten. Swiss Med Forum. 2006;6(37):814-9. Knoops KT, de Groot LC, Kromhout D, Perrin AE, Moreiras-Varela O, Menotti A, van Staveren WA. Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: the HALE project. JAMA. 2004;292(12):1433-9. Krapf R. BMI oder: Wer ist überhaupt noch normalgewichtig? Swiss Med Forum. 2004;4(50):1265. Kwak B, Mulhaupt F, Myit S, Mach F. Statins as a newly recognized type of immunomodulator. Nat Med. 2000;6(12):1399-402. Laufs U, La Fata V, Plutzky J, Liao JK. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation. 1998;97(12):1129-35. Li AC, Brown KK, Silvestre MJ, Willson TM, Palinski W, Glass CK. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands inhibit development of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Clin Invest. 2000;106(4):523-31. Liao JK, Laufs U. Pleiotropic effects of statins. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;45:89-118. Liem AH, van Boven AJ, Veeger NJ, Withagen AJ, Robles de Medina RM, Tijssen JG, van Veldhuisen DJ; Folic Acid on Risk Diminishment After Acute Myocarial Infarction Study Group. Efficacy of folic acid when added to statin therapy in patients with hypercholesterolemia following acute myocardial infarction: a randomised pilot trial. Int J Cardiol. 2004;93(2-3):175-9. Matsuno H, Takei M, Hayashi H, Nakajima K, Ishisaki A, Kozawa O. Simvastatin enhances the regeneration of endothelial cells via VEGF secretion in injured arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004;43(3):333-40. McCully KS. Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia: implications for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Am J Pathol. 1969;56(1):111-28. McNulty H, Dowey le RC, Strain JJ, Dunne A, Ward M, Molloy AM, McAnena LB, Hughes JP, Hannon-Fletcher M, Scott JM. Riboflavin lowers homocysteine in individuals homozygous for the MTHFR 677C->T polymorphism. Circulation. 2006;113(1):74-80. Moat SJ, Doshi SN, Lang D, McDowell IF, Lewis MJ, Goodfellow J. Treatment of coronary heart disease with folic acid: is there a future? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;287(1):H1-7. Moat SJ, Lang D, McDowell IF, Clarke ZL, Madhavan AK, Lewis MJ, Goodfellow J. Folate, homocysteine, endothelial function and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr Biochem. 2004;15(2):64-79. Mozaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(15):1601-13. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Sasiela WJ, Tsai J, Orazem J, Magorien RD, O'Shaughnessy C, Ganz P; Reversal of Atherosclerosis with Aggressive Lipid Lowering (REVERSAL) Investigators. Statin therapy, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(1):29-38. Palinski W, Witztum JL. Immune responses to oxidative neoepitopes on LDL and phospholipids modulate the development of atherosclerosis. J Intern Med. 2000;247(3):371-80. Refsum H, Nurk E, Smith AD, Ueland PM, Gjesdal CG, Bjelland I, Tverdal A, Tell GS, Nygard O, Vollset SE. The Hordaland Homocysteine Study: a community-based study of homocysteine, its determinants, and associations with disease. J Nutr. 2006;136(6 Suppl):1731S-1740S. Resnick N, Gimbrone MA Jr. Hemodynamic forces are complex regulators of endothelial gene expression. FASEB J. 1995;9(10):874-82. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, Rifai N, Rose LM, McCabe CH, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E; Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) Investigators. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(1):20-8. Rodgers GM, Conn MT. Homocysteine, an atherogenic stimulus, reduces protein C activation by arterial and venous endothelial cells. Blood. 1990;75(4):895-901. Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(2):115-26. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Warnica JW, Arnold JM, Wun CC, Davis BR, Braunwald E. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(14):1001-9. Scrimshaw NS, Guzman MA. Diet and atherosclerosis. Lab Invest. 1968;18(5):623-8. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles CG, Lorimer AR, MacFarlane PW, McKillop JH, Packard CJ. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(20):1301-7. Silverberg C. Atorvastatin-induced polyneuropathy. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(9):792-3. Spieker L, Ruschitzka F, Lüscher TF, Noll G. HDL-Cholesterin bei Atherosklerose - zu wenig des Guten. Swiss Med Forum. 2003;3(39):920-6. Spieker LE, Sudano I, Hurlimann D, Lerch PG, Lang MG, Binggeli C, Corti R, Ruschitzka F, Lüscher TF, Noll G. High-density lipoprotein restores endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic men. Circulation. 2002;105(12):1399-402. Stamler JS, Osborne JA, Jaraki O, Rabbani LE, Mullins M, Singel D, Loscalzo J. Adverse vascular effects of homocysteine are modulated by endothelium-derived relaxing factor and related oxides of nitrogen. J Clin Invest. 1993;91(1):308-18. Stehbens WE, Smith RL. Serum cholesterol correlations with atherosclerosis at autopsy. Am Clin Lab. 1997;16(3):14-5. Strong JP, Johnson WD, Oalmann MC, Wissler RW. Community pathology of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in New Orleans: Relationship of risk factors to atherosclerotic lesions. In: Gotto AM, Smith LC, Allen B, editors. Atherosclerosis V. New York, NY: Springer; 1980. p. 719-30. Strong JP, Malcom GT, McMahan CA, Tracy RE, Newman WP 3rd, Herderick EE, Cornhill JF. Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study. JAMA. 1999;281(8):727-35. Tan KC, Chow WS, Tam SC, Ai VH, Lam CH, Lam KS. Atorvastatin lowers C-reactive protein and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(2):563-8. Timimi FK, Ting HH, Haley EA, Roddy MA, Ganz P, Creager MA. Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31(3):552-7. Ueland PM, Refsum H, Brattstrom L. Plasma homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. In: RB Francis, editor. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, hemostasis, and endothelial function. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1992. p. 183-236. Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S. Modelling the decline in coronary heart disease deaths in England and Wales, 1981-2000: comparing contributions from primary prevention and secondary prevention. BMJ. 2005;331(7517):614. Virchow R. Der atheromatöse Prozess der Arterien. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1856;6:825-41. van de Ree MA, Huisman MV, de Man FH, van der Vijver JC, Meinders AE, Blauw GJ. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the lack of effect of simvastatin. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;52(2):299-305. van Etten RW, de Koning EJ, Verhaar MC, Gaillard CA, Rabelink TJ. Impaired NO-dependent vasodilation in patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is restored by acute administration of folate. Diabetologia. 2002;45(7):1004-10. van Etten RW, de Koning EJ, Honing ML, Stroes ES, Gaillard CA, Rabelink TJ. Intensive lipid lowering by statin therapy does not improve vasoreactivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22(5):799-804. Wolfe SM. Dangers of rosuvastatin identified before and after FDA approval. Lancet. 2004;363(9427):2189-90.
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